How Are Navajo Pearls Made?

Navajo pearls, those iconic beads of the Southwest, aren’t actually pearls at all! They are handmade sterling silver beads, meticulously crafted through a process that blends artistry, tradition, and a healthy dose of sweat equity. The process involves shaping silver, soldering, beading, and polishing, transforming raw metal into beautiful, timeless adornments. They’re more than just beads; they represent a legacy passed down through generations of Navajo silversmiths.

The Intricate Process of Creating Navajo Pearls

Navajo pearls aren’t churned out by machines. Each bead is touched by human hands multiple times, a testament to the dedication and skill of the artist. The process can be broken down into several key steps:

Preparing the Silver

The journey begins with sterling silver, typically in sheet or wire form. The silversmith meticulously cuts the silver into small, uniform discs, the size depending on the desired size of the finished beads. This requires precision and a practiced eye. Often, specialized tools, like a disc cutter, are used to ensure consistency.

Forming the Beads

This is where the magic truly begins. Each silver disc is painstakingly shaped into a hollow sphere. This is usually achieved using a technique called dapping. The silver disc is placed on a dapping block (a block of steel with hemispherical indentations) and hammered using a dapping punch (a rounded punch that fits into the indentations). This process gently curves the flat silver into a rounded shape. The silversmith carefully works the silver, gradually shaping it into a perfect half-sphere.

Joining the Halves

Once two halves are formed, they need to be joined together to create a complete sphere. This is where soldering comes in. The two halves are carefully aligned, and a small amount of silver solder (an alloy that melts at a lower temperature than sterling silver) is applied to the seam. A torch is then used to heat the silver, melting the solder and fusing the two halves together. This requires a steady hand and precise control of the heat to prevent damaging the silver.

Drilling the Hole

After soldering, each bead needs a hole through which it can be strung. A small drill bit is used to create a hole through the bead. The position of the hole is crucial for the beads to hang properly and maintain a consistent look. The hole must be carefully centered.

Stringing and Knotting

Once the beads are created, they are strung together with knotted sections. This is a special and unique feature of Navajo Pearls. Knotted sections are inserted every so often that add texture and weight to the piece. This process involves a waxed string and a specific knotting technique.

Cleaning and Polishing

Soldering leaves a residue called fire scale on the silver, which needs to be removed. The beads are cleaned using a variety of methods, including pickling solutions (acidic solutions that dissolve the fire scale) and polishing compounds. The polishing process involves using a polishing wheel and various grades of abrasive compounds to achieve a bright, shiny finish. This step is critical to bringing out the luster of the silver and highlighting the intricate details.

Oxidization (Optional)

Some Navajo pearls are intentionally oxidized, which involves darkening the silver to create a contrasting effect. This can be achieved using chemicals like liver of sulfur. The oxidation process highlights the texture and details of the beads, giving them an antique or rustic look. Once oxidized, the beads are often lightly polished to create contrast between the darkened recesses and the bright, raised surfaces.

Final Assembly

The finished beads are then strung onto a strand, typically using a strong beading wire or leather cord. The length of the strand can vary depending on the desired style. The strand is finished with a clasp or other type of closure.

FAQs About Navajo Pearls

1. What makes Navajo pearls unique?

The uniqueness of Navajo pearls lies in their handmade nature and the meticulous craftsmanship involved in their creation. The traditional techniques, the use of sterling silver, and the variations in each bead due to the handmade process all contribute to their distinctive character. The iconic knotted sections give the piece weight and durability.

2. Are Navajo pearls real pearls?

No, Navajo pearls are not real pearls. They are sterling silver beads made using traditional silversmithing techniques. The name “pearls” likely originated from their round shape and lustrous appearance.

3. How can I identify authentic Navajo pearls?

Authentic Navajo pearls are handmade, so they may have slight imperfections or variations in size and shape. They are made of sterling silver and should be marked with a .925 stamp (indicating 92.5% silver content). They will also have a weight to them that is unique from other beads. They may also have the artist’s hallmark.

4. How do I care for my Navajo pearls?

To care for your Navajo pearls, avoid exposing them to harsh chemicals, such as chlorine or cleaning products. Clean them regularly with a soft cloth and store them in a dry place. You can also use a silver polishing cloth to remove tarnish.

5. What is the history of Navajo pearls?

Navajo silversmithing traditions began in the mid-19th century, with techniques learned from Spanish and Mexican artisans. Navajo pearls emerged as a distinct style later, evolving from traditional silverwork to meet the demands of trade and personal adornment. Their exact origins are debated, but they represent a blend of cultural influences and artistic innovation.

6. Are all Navajo pearls made by Navajo artisans?

While many Navajo pearls are indeed made by Navajo artisans, it’s crucial to verify the authenticity of the piece if you’re looking for genuine Navajo-made jewelry. Look for pieces with a certificate of authenticity or purchase from reputable dealers who work directly with Navajo artists. Always ask if the artist is certified.

7. What types of silver are used to make Navajo pearls?

The most common type of silver used is sterling silver, which is an alloy containing 92.5% silver and 7.5% other metals, typically copper. This alloy is durable and resists tarnishing better than pure silver.

8. How long does it take to make a strand of Navajo pearls?

The time it takes to make a strand of Navajo pearls can vary depending on the size and complexity of the beads, as well as the skill of the artist. A simple strand can take several hours to complete, while a more elaborate piece can take days or even weeks.

9. What tools are used in the making of Navajo pearls?

The tools used in the creation of Navajo pearls include: shears or a disc cutter (for cutting the silver), dapping block and punches (for shaping the beads), soldering torch and supplies (for joining the halves), drill (for creating the hole), polishing wheel and compounds (for cleaning and polishing), and various hand tools like pliers and files.

10. What is the value of Navajo pearls?

The value of Navajo pearls depends on several factors, including the quality of the silver, the skill and reputation of the artist, the size and complexity of the beads, and the overall craftsmanship of the piece. Authentic, handmade Navajo pearls from renowned artists can be quite valuable.

11. How does oxidization affect the appearance and value of Navajo pearls?

Oxidization can enhance the appearance of Navajo pearls by creating contrast and highlighting the texture and details of the beads. While some collectors prefer the bright, shiny look of unoxidized silver, others appreciate the antique or rustic look that oxidization provides. The impact on value depends on personal preference and the overall aesthetic appeal of the piece.

12. Are there different styles of Navajo pearls?

Yes, there are different styles of Navajo pearls. They can vary in size, shape, and finish. Some beads are perfectly round, while others are slightly oblong or have unique textures. Some are highly polished, while others have a more matte or oxidized finish. The design also varies with respect to the knotting of each piece.